ALPINE Active-Controlled Study:

ALPINE
(Aripiprazole Lauroxil and Paliperidone palmitate: INitiation Effectiveness) Active-Controlled Study

Kelsey, treated with the ARISTADA® 2-month dose (1064 mg)

Study design

A phase 3b, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, active-controlled study evaluating the efficacy and safety of ARISTADA INITIO® and the ARISTADA 2-month dose (1064 mg) or paliperidone palmitate monthly1

This was not a head-to-head study. This study was not powered to provide comparative efficacy or safety results and should not be interpreted as suggesting ARISTADA is superior or noninferior to paliperidone palmitate.1

The approval of ARISTADA® (aripiprazole lauroxil) was based on the phase 3, 12-week pivotal study that compared 441 mg and 882 mg monthly doses to placebo at day 85. The phase 3 study showed a reduction in schizophrenia symptoms.2 ARISTADA INITIO® (aripiprazole lauroxil) and the 2-month dose of ARISTADA (1064 mg) were approved by the FDA based on pharmacokinetic data.2,3 The ALPINE post-marketing study provided clinical data on the use of the ARISTADA INITIO regimen* and ARISTADA 1064 mg.1

The ALPINE study evaluated the efficacy and safety of the ARISTADA INITIO regimen and the 2-month dose of ARISTADA (1064 mg) or paliperidone palmitate.1

The primary objective was to evaluate the efficacy of ARISTADA INITIOa plus 30 mg of oral aripiprazole and ARISTADA 1064 mg during the first 4 weeks of treatment in adult patients hospitalized for an acute exacerbation of schizophrenia.1

PRIMARY EFFICACY ENDPOINT1

  • Change in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total score from baseline to Week 4 (within group)b

SECONDARY EFFICACY ENDPOINTS1

  • Change in PANSS total score from baseline to Week 9 and Week 25 (within group)b
  • Change in PANSS total score at Weeks 4, 9, and 25 between 2 treatment groups (between group)c

ALPINE phase 3b study design1

ALPINE study phase 3b chart ALPINE study phase 3b chart

Placebo intramuscular (IM) injections and oral placebo were given to maintain blinding.1

  • Paliperidone palmitate, a known and effective treatment, served as an active control. An active drug with a known efficacy profile is a useful method for evaluating new drugs while avoiding the ethical dilemmas associated with placebo1
  • The study was not designed to compare efficacy or safety between groups1
  • Patients were hospitalized with an acute exacerbation of schizophrenia and considered markedly ill, with mean PANSS total scores at baseline of 94.1 (ARISTADA) and 94.6 (paliperidone palmitate)1,4
  • Prior to the study, 31% of the subjects had a history of exposure to risperidone/paliperidone only, 6% of the subjects had a history of exposure to aripiprazole only, 50% of the subjects had a history of exposure to both, and 13% of the subjects had no exposure to either of the antipsychotics1
  • Patients had to have a history of tolerated use of aripiprazole or risperidone/paliperidone, or demonstrated tolerability to perspective oral test doses during study screening1

*The ARISTADA INITIO regimen is defined as a single injection of ARISTADA INITIO (675 mg) given in conjunction with a single 30 mg dose of oral aripiprazole.3

aARISTADA INITIO was approved by the FDA through a single pharmacokinetic bridging study.3

bWithin group: the separate assessment of each treatment group in the change from baseline in PANSS total score at Weeks 4, 9, and 25.1

cBetween group: the assessment of the difference in PANSS total score between treatment groups at Weeks 4, 9, and 25.1

dARISTADA INITIO is a one-time initiation IM Injection.3

ARISTADA

Reduction in PANSS total score from baseline was observed for the treatment group receiving ARISTADA INITIO and the ARISTADA 2-month dose (1064 mg)1

PRIMARY ENDPOINT1

  • There was improvement from baseline to Week 4 for each treatment group
  • Mean change from baseline in PANSS total score was -17.4 for ARISTADA

SECONDARY ENDPOINT1

  • Within-group reductions in change from baseline in PANSS total scores were observed during the 25-week study for each treatment group

MEAN CHANGE FROM BASELINE IN PANSS TOTAL SCORE (WITHIN GROUP)1

ALPINE mean change chart ALPINE mean change chart
  • There was improvement from baseline to Week 4 for each treatment group
  • Mean change from baseline in PANSS total score was -17.4 for ARISTADA
  • Within-group reductions in change from baseline in PANSS total scores observed during the 25-week study for each treatment group

This was not a head-to-head study. This study was not powered to provide comparative efficacy or safety results and should not be interpreted as suggesting ARISTADA is superior or noninferior to paliperidone palmitate.1

EVALUATION OF PATIENT CONTINUATION AND SAFETY/TOLERABILITY1

ALPINE patient evaluation chartALPINE patient evaluation chart

Additional laboratory values were measured.1

aPatients with a Week 4 PANSS assessment.1

bAll AEs reported during treatment while in the study.1

cShown in descending order of incidence.1

d“Schizophrenia” is a preferred term in AE reporting that refers to worsening or exacerbation of schizophrenia reported by the investigators.5

Active-control

Reduction in PANSS total score from baseline was observed for the treatment group receiving paliperidone palmitate 156 mg every month1

PRIMARY ENDPOINT1

  • There was improvement from baseline to Week 4 for each treatment group
  • Mean change from baseline in PANSS total score was -20.1 for paliperidone palmitate

SECONDARY ENDPOINT1

  • Within-group reductions in change from baseline in PANSS total scores were observed during the 25-week study for each treatment group

MEAN CHANGE FROM BASELINE IN PANSS TOTAL SCORE (WITHIN GROUP)1

ALPINE mean change for paliperidone-palmitate chart ALPINE mean change for paliperidone-palmitate chart
ALPINE mean change for paliperidone-palmitate chart ALPINE mean change for paliperidone-palmitate chart

This was not a head-to-head study. This study was not powered to provide comparative efficacy or safety results and should not be interpreted as suggesting ARISTADA is superior or noninferior to paliperidone palmitate.1

EVALUATION OF PATIENT CONTINUATION AND SAFETY/TOLERABILITY1

ALPINE patient evaluation paliperidone-palmitate ALPINE patient evaluation paliperidone-palmitate

Additional laboratory values were measured.1

Abbreviation: AE, adverse event.

aPatients with a week 4 PANSS assessment.1

bAll AEs reported during treatment while in the study.1

cShown in descending order of incidence.1

d“Schizophrenia” is a preferred term in AE reporting that refers to worsening or exacerbation of schizophrenia reported by the investigators.5

References: 1. Weiden PJ, Claxton A, Kunovac J, et al. Efficacy and safety of a 2-month formulation of aripiprazole lauroxil with 1-day initiation in patients hospitalized for acute schizophrenia transitioned to outpatient care: phase 3, randomized, double-blind, active-control ALPINE study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2020;81(3):19m13207. doi:10.4088/JCP.19m13207 2. ARISTADA. Package insert. Alkermes, Inc. 3. ARISTADA INITIO. Package insert. Alkermes, Inc. 4. Leucht S, Kane JM, Kissling W, Hamann J, Etschel E, Engel RR. What does the PANSS mean? Schizophr Res. 2005;79(2-3):231-238. 5. Data on file. Alkermes, Inc.

INDICATION AND IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION FOR ARISTADA INITIO AND ARISTADA

INDICATION

ARISTADA INITIO® (aripiprazole lauroxil), in combination with oral aripiprazole, is indicated for the initiation of ARISTADA® (aripiprazole lauroxil) when used for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults.

ARISTADA is indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults.

SCROLL FOR IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION

IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION

BOXED WARNING: INCREASED MORTALITY IN ELDERLY PATIENTS WITH DEMENTIA-RELATED PSYCHOSIS
Elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis treated with anti­psychotic drugs are at an increased risk of death. ARISTADA INITIO and ARISTADA are not approved for the treatment of patients with dementia-related psychosis.

Contraindication: Known hypersensitivity reaction to aripiprazole. Reactions have ranged from pruritus/urticaria to anaphylaxis.

Cerebrovascular Adverse Reactions, Including Stroke: Increased incidence of cerebrovascular adverse reactions (e.g., stroke, transient ischemic attack), including fatalities, have been reported in placebo-controlled trials of elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis treated with risperidone, aripiprazole, and olanzapine. ARISTADA INITIO and ARISTADA are not approved for the treatment of patients with dementia-related psychosis.

Potential for Dosing and Medication Errors: Medication errors, including substitution and dispensing errors, between ARISTADA INITIO and ARISTADA could occur. ARISTADA INITIO is intended for single administration in contrast to ARISTADA which is administered monthly, every 6 weeks, or every 8 weeks. Do not substitute ARISTADA INITIO for ARISTADA because of differing pharmacokinetic profiles.

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS): A potentially fatal symptom complex may occur with administration of antipsychotic drugs, including ARISTADA INITIO and ARISTADA. Clinical manifestations of NMS include hyperpyrexia, muscle rigidity, altered mental status, and evidence of autonomic instability (irregular pulse or blood pressure, tachycardia, diaphoresis, and cardiac dysrhythmia). Additional signs may include elevated creatine phosphokinase, myoglobinuria (rhabdomyolysis), and acute renal failure. The management of NMS should include: 1) immediate discontinuation of antipsychotic drugs and other drugs not essential to concurrent therapy; 2) intensive symptomatic treatment and medical monitoring; and 3) treatment of any concomitant serious medical problems for which specific treatments are available.

Tardive Dyskinesia (TD): The risk of developing TD (a syndrome of abnormal, involuntary movements) and the potential for it to become irreversible are believed to increase as the duration of treatment and the total cumulative dose of antipsychotic increase. The syndrome can develop, although much less commonly, after relatively brief treatment periods at low doses. Prescribing antipsychotics should be consistent with the need to minimize TD. Discontinue ARISTADA if clinically appropriate. TD may remit, partially or completely, if antipsychotic treatment is withdrawn.

Metabolic Changes: Atypical antipsychotic drugs have been associated with metabolic changes that include:

  • Hyperglycemia/Diabetes Mellitus: Hyperglycemia, in some cases extreme and associated with ketoacidosis, coma, or death, has been reported in patients treated with atypical antipsychotics. There have been reports of hyperglycemia in patients treated with oral aripiprazole. Patients with diabetes should be regularly monitored for worsening of glucose control; those with risk factors for diabetes should undergo baseline and periodic fasting blood glucose testing. Any patient treated with atypical antipsychotics should be monitored for symptoms of hyperglycemia, including polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, and weakness. Patients who develop symptoms of hyperglycemia should also undergo fasting blood glucose testing. In some cases, hyperglycemia has resolved when the atypical antipsychotic was discontinued; however, some patients require continuation of antidiabetic treatment despite discontinuation of the suspect drug.
  • Dyslipidemia: Undesirable alterations in lipids have been observed in patients treated with atypical antipsychotics.
  • Weight Gain: Weight gain has been observed with atypical antipsychotic use. Clinical monitoring of weight is recommended.

Pathological Gambling and Other Compulsive Behaviors: Compulsive or uncontrollable urges to gamble have been reported with use of aripiprazole. Other compulsive urges less frequently reported include sexual urges, shopping, binge eating and other impulsive or compulsive behaviors which may result in harm for the patient and others if not recognized. Closely monitor patients and consider dose reduction or stopping aripiprazole if a patient develops such urges.

Orthostatic Hypotension: Aripiprazole may cause orthostatic hypotension which can be associated with dizziness, lightheadedness, and tachycardia. Monitor heart rate and blood pressure, and warn patients with known cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease and risk of dehydration and syncope.

Falls: Antipsychotics including ARISTADA INITIO and ARISTADA may cause somnolence, postural hypotension or motor and sensory instability which may lead to falls and subsequent injury. Upon initiating treatment and recurrently, complete fall risk assessments as appropriate.

Leukopenia, Neutropenia, and Agranulocytosis: Leukopenia, neutropenia and agranulocytosis have been reported with antipsychotics. Monitor complete blood count in patients with pre-existing low white blood cell count (WBC)/absolute neutrophil count or history of drug-induced leukopenia/neutropenia. Discontinue ARISTADA INITIO and/or ARISTADA at the first sign of a clinically significant decline in WBC and in severely neutropenic patients.

Seizures: Use with caution in patients with a history of seizures or with conditions that lower the seizure threshold.

Potential for Cognitive and Motor Impairment: ARISTADA INITIO and ARISTADA may impair judgment, thinking, or motor skills. Patients should be cautioned about operating hazardous machinery, including automobiles, until they are certain therapy with ARISTADA INITIO and/or ARISTADA does not affect them adversely.

Body Temperature Regulation: Disruption of the body’s ability to reduce core body temperature has been attributed to antipsychotic agents. Advise patients regarding appropriate care in avoiding overheating and dehydration. Appropriate care is advised for patients who may exercise strenuously, may be exposed to extreme heat, receive concomitant medication with anticholinergic activity, or are subject to dehydration.

Dysphagia: Esophageal dysmotility and aspiration have been associated with antipsychotic drug use; use caution in patients at risk for aspiration pneumonia.

Concomitant Medication: ARISTADA INITIO is only available at a single strength as a single-dose pre-filled syringe, so dosage adjustments are not possible. Avoid use in patients who are known CYP2D6 poor metabolizers or taking strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, strong CYP2D6 inhibitors, or strong CYP3A4 inducers, antihypertensive drugs or benzodiazepines.

Depending on the ARISTADA dose, adjustments may be recommended if patients are 1) known as CYP2D6 poor metabolizers and/or 2) taking strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, strong CYP2D6 inhibitors, or strong CYP3A4 inducers for greater than 2 weeks. Avoid use of ARISTADA 662 mg, 882 mg, or 1064 mg for patients taking both strong CYP3A4 inhibitors and strong CYP2D6 inhibitors. (See Table 4 in the ARISTADA full Prescribing Information.)

Commonly Observed Adverse Reactions: In pharmacokinetic studies the safety profile of ARISTADA INITIO was generally consistent with that observed for ARISTADA. The most common adverse reaction (≥5% incidence and at least twice the rate of placebo reported by patients treated with ARISTADA 441 mg and 882 mg monthly) was akathisia.

Injection Site Reactions: In pharmacokinetic studies evaluating ARISTADA INITIO, the incidences of injection site reactions with ARISTADA INITIO were similar to the incidence observed with ARISTADA. Injection site reactions were reported by 4%, 5%, and 2% of patients treated with 441 mg ARISTADA (monthly), 882 mg ARISTADA (monthly), and placebo, respectively. Most of these were injection site pain and associated with the first injection and decreased with each subsequent injection. Other injection site reactions (induration, swelling, and redness) occurred at less than 1%.

Dystonia: Symptoms of dystonia, prolonged abnormal contractions of muscle groups, may occur in susceptible individuals during the first days of treatment and at low doses.

Pregnancy/Nursing: May cause extrapyramidal and/or withdrawal symptoms in neonates with third trimester exposure. Advise patients to notify their healthcare provider of a known or suspected pregnancy. Inform patients that there is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to ARISTADA INITIO and/or ARISTADA during pregnancy. Aripiprazole is present in human breast milk. The benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for ARISTADA INITIO and/or ARISTADA and any potential adverse effects on the infant from ARISTADA INITIO and/or ARISTADA or from the underlying maternal condition.

To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Alkermes at 1-888-238-8008 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or https://www.fda.gov/medwatch.

Please see full Prescribing Information, including Boxed Warning, for ARISTADA INITIO and ARISTADA.

INDICATION

INDICATION AND IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION FOR ARISTADA INITIO AND ARISTADA

INDICATION

ARISTADA INITIO® (aripiprazole lauroxil), in combination with oral aripiprazole, is indicated for the initiation of ARISTADA® (aripiprazole lauroxil) when used for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults.

ARISTADA is indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults.

SCROLL FOR IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION

IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION

BOXED WARNING: INCREASED MORTALITY IN ELDERLY PATIENTS WITH DEMENTIA-RELATED PSYCHOSIS
Elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis treated with anti­psychotic drugs are at an increased risk of death. ARISTADA INITIO and ARISTADA are not approved for the treatment of patients with dementia-related psychosis.

Contraindication: Known hypersensitivity reaction to aripiprazole. Reactions have ranged from pruritus/urticaria to anaphylaxis.

Cerebrovascular Adverse Reactions, Including Stroke: Increased incidence of cerebrovascular adverse reactions (e.g., stroke, transient ischemic attack), including fatalities, have been reported in placebo-controlled trials of elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis treated with risperidone, aripiprazole, and olanzapine. ARISTADA INITIO and ARISTADA are not approved for the treatment of patients with dementia-related psychosis.

Potential for Dosing and Medication Errors: Medication errors, including substitution and dispensing errors, between ARISTADA INITIO and ARISTADA could occur. ARISTADA INITIO is intended for single administration in contrast to ARISTADA which is administered monthly, every 6 weeks, or every 8 weeks. Do not substitute ARISTADA INITIO for ARISTADA because of differing pharmacokinetic profiles.

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS): A potentially fatal symptom complex may occur with administration of antipsychotic drugs, including ARISTADA INITIO and ARISTADA. Clinical manifestations of NMS include hyperpyrexia, muscle rigidity, altered mental status, and evidence of autonomic instability (irregular pulse or blood pressure, tachycardia, diaphoresis, and cardiac dysrhythmia). Additional signs may include elevated creatine phosphokinase, myoglobinuria (rhabdomyolysis), and acute renal failure. The management of NMS should include: 1) immediate discontinuation of antipsychotic drugs and other drugs not essential to concurrent therapy; 2) intensive symptomatic treatment and medical monitoring; and 3) treatment of any concomitant serious medical problems for which specific treatments are available.

Tardive Dyskinesia (TD): The risk of developing TD (a syndrome of abnormal, involuntary movements) and the potential for it to become irreversible are believed to increase as the duration of treatment and the total cumulative dose of antipsychotic increase. The syndrome can develop, although much less commonly, after relatively brief treatment periods at low doses. Prescribing antipsychotics should be consistent with the need to minimize TD. Discontinue ARISTADA if clinically appropriate. TD may remit, partially or completely, if antipsychotic treatment is withdrawn.

Metabolic Changes: Atypical antipsychotic drugs have been associated with metabolic changes that include:

  • Hyperglycemia/Diabetes Mellitus: Hyperglycemia, in some cases extreme and associated with ketoacidosis, coma, or death, has been reported in patients treated with atypical antipsychotics. There have been reports of hyperglycemia in patients treated with oral aripiprazole. Patients with diabetes should be regularly monitored for worsening of glucose control; those with risk factors for diabetes should undergo baseline and periodic fasting blood glucose testing. Any patient treated with atypical antipsychotics should be monitored for symptoms of hyperglycemia, including polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, and weakness. Patients who develop symptoms of hyperglycemia should also undergo fasting blood glucose testing. In some cases, hyperglycemia has resolved when the atypical antipsychotic was discontinued; however, some patients require continuation of antidiabetic treatment despite discontinuation of the suspect drug.
  • Dyslipidemia: Undesirable alterations in lipids have been observed in patients treated with atypical antipsychotics.
  • Weight Gain: Weight gain has been observed with atypical antipsychotic use. Clinical monitoring of weight is recommended.

Pathological Gambling and Other Compulsive Behaviors: Compulsive or uncontrollable urges to gamble have been reported with use of aripiprazole. Other compulsive urges less frequently reported include sexual urges, shopping, binge eating and other impulsive or compulsive behaviors which may result in harm for the patient and others if not recognized. Closely monitor patients and consider dose reduction or stopping aripiprazole if a patient develops such urges.

Orthostatic Hypotension: Aripiprazole may cause orthostatic hypotension which can be associated with dizziness, lightheadedness, and tachycardia. Monitor heart rate and blood pressure, and warn patients with known cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease and risk of dehydration and syncope.

Falls: Antipsychotics including ARISTADA INITIO and ARISTADA may cause somnolence, postural hypotension or motor and sensory instability which may lead to falls and subsequent injury. Upon initiating treatment and recurrently, complete fall risk assessments as appropriate.

Leukopenia, Neutropenia, and Agranulocytosis: Leukopenia, neutropenia and agranulocytosis have been reported with antipsychotics. Monitor complete blood count in patients with pre-existing low white blood cell count (WBC)/absolute neutrophil count or history of drug-induced leukopenia/neutropenia. Discontinue ARISTADA INITIO and/or ARISTADA at the first sign of a clinically significant decline in WBC and in severely neutropenic patients.

Seizures: Use with caution in patients with a history of seizures or with conditions that lower the seizure threshold.

Potential for Cognitive and Motor Impairment: ARISTADA INITIO and ARISTADA may impair judgment, thinking, or motor skills. Patients should be cautioned about operating hazardous machinery, including automobiles, until they are certain therapy with ARISTADA INITIO and/or ARISTADA does not affect them adversely.

Body Temperature Regulation: Disruption of the body’s ability to reduce core body temperature has been attributed to antipsychotic agents. Advise patients regarding appropriate care in avoiding overheating and dehydration. Appropriate care is advised for patients who may exercise strenuously, may be exposed to extreme heat, receive concomitant medication with anticholinergic activity, or are subject to dehydration.

Dysphagia: Esophageal dysmotility and aspiration have been associated with antipsychotic drug use; use caution in patients at risk for aspiration pneumonia.

Concomitant Medication: ARISTADA INITIO is only available at a single strength as a single-dose pre-filled syringe, so dosage adjustments are not possible. Avoid use in patients who are known CYP2D6 poor metabolizers or taking strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, strong CYP2D6 inhibitors, or strong CYP3A4 inducers, antihypertensive drugs or benzodiazepines.

Depending on the ARISTADA dose, adjustments may be recommended if patients are 1) known as CYP2D6 poor metabolizers and/or 2) taking strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, strong CYP2D6 inhibitors, or strong CYP3A4 inducers for greater than 2 weeks. Avoid use of ARISTADA 662 mg, 882 mg, or 1064 mg for patients taking both strong CYP3A4 inhibitors and strong CYP2D6 inhibitors. (See Table 4 in the ARISTADA full Prescribing Information.)

Commonly Observed Adverse Reactions: In pharmacokinetic studies the safety profile of ARISTADA INITIO was generally consistent with that observed for ARISTADA. The most common adverse reaction (≥5% incidence and at least twice the rate of placebo reported by patients treated with ARISTADA 441 mg and 882 mg monthly) was akathisia.

Injection Site Reactions: In pharmacokinetic studies evaluating ARISTADA INITIO, the incidences of injection site reactions with ARISTADA INITIO were similar to the incidence observed with ARISTADA. Injection site reactions were reported by 4%, 5%, and 2% of patients treated with 441 mg ARISTADA (monthly), 882 mg ARISTADA (monthly), and placebo, respectively. Most of these were injection site pain and associated with the first injection and decreased with each subsequent injection. Other injection site reactions (induration, swelling, and redness) occurred at less than 1%.

Dystonia: Symptoms of dystonia, prolonged abnormal contractions of muscle groups, may occur in susceptible individuals during the first days of treatment and at low doses.

Pregnancy/Nursing: May cause extrapyramidal and/or withdrawal symptoms in neonates with third trimester exposure. Advise patients to notify their healthcare provider of a known or suspected pregnancy. Inform patients that there is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to ARISTADA INITIO and/or ARISTADA during pregnancy. Aripiprazole is present in human breast milk. The benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for ARISTADA INITIO and/or ARISTADA and any potential adverse effects on the infant from ARISTADA INITIO and/or ARISTADA or from the underlying maternal condition.

To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Alkermes at 1-888-238-8008 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or https://www.fda.gov/medwatch.

Please see full Prescribing Information, including Boxed Warning, for ARISTADA INITIO and ARISTADA.

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